Chemical and electrochemical properties of an Oxisol–Ultisol transition in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Soil formation factors such as lateral and base water flows promote the Oxisol–Ultisol transformation on hillslopes in colluvium material with oxic properties. Chemical and electrochemical processes occur simultaneously with the morphological transformation of the soil structure from very fine granular to blocky soil. Statistical analysis techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), were used to analyze the data collected from two sites in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, allowing a comprehensive description of the processes that entailed the transformation of an oxic horizon to a kandic horizon. The modeling power and the discriminating power from the soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) method were employed to find which attributes were essential to explain the transformation of an oxic into an argillic horizon. The following attributes were used to describe the processes in the toposequences studied: (a) index of silica reactivity (ISR); (b) index of silica saturation (ISS); (c) ratio of iron extracted with ammonium oxalate, DCB and H 2 SO 4 ; (d) ratio of aluminum extracted with ammonium oxalate, DCB and H 2 SO 4 ; (e) specific surface area (SSA); (f) point of zero salt effect (PZSE); and (g) surface net charge ( σ ).