The influence of the cooling of donor cultures on the in vitro adventitious regeneration and carbohydrate metabolism of four dwarfing apple rootstocks

We examined the effects of cooling applied for 4 to 20 weeks on donor cultures of four dwarfing apple rootstocks (P16, P22, P59 and M26). Our aim includes increasing their competence for in vitro adventitious shoot regeneration from the leaves. Donor cultures were maintained on a shoot multiplication medium at 4°C in the dark for 4 months, followed by subculture on a fresh medium for 4 weeks. The cooling of the cultures caused an increase in the adventitious shoot number and a decrease in the starch content and an increase in the soluble sugar content (monosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose). The accumulation of stachyose in response to cold is a new observation, and it suggests that raffinose and stachyose play important role in the acclimation of dwarf apple rootstocks to low temperatures.