Changes in the life-cycle parameters and glutathione-related antioxidant defense system of rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus under the combined stress of microcystin-LR and ammonia

Serious cyanobacterial blooms lead to the release of harmful microcystin-LR and ammonia to eutrophic waters, thereby posing serious challenges to zooplankton. The physiological and ecological responses of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas to microcystin-LR and ammonia stresses were evaluated. Neonates ( 0.05). Microcystis metabolites negatively affected growth and reproductive performance of B. calyciflorus. In addition, the life-cycle parameters were related to the effects of microcystin-LR and ammonia on the GSH-related antioxidant defense system of rotifers.