Bi-objective routing problem with asymmetrical travel time distributions

Recent studies have confirmed that travelers consider travel time reliability in addition to average travel time when making route choice decisions. In this study, we develop a bi-objective routing model that seeks to simultaneously optimize the average travel time and travel time reliability. The semi-standard deviation (SSD) is chosen as the reliability measure because it reflects travelers' concerns over longer travel time better than the commonly used standard deviation. The Pareto-optimal solutions to the bi-objective model are found by using an improved strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm. Tests on a real-world urban network with field measured travel time data have demonstrated good performance of the algorithm in the aspects, such as computational efficiency, quick convergence, and closeness to the global Pareto-optimal. Overall, the bi-objective routing model generates reasonable path recommendations. The SSD-based model is sensitive to the asymmetry of travel time distribution and ten...