Rhinology: Simulation Training (Part 1)

Purpose of Review Recently, there has been an expansion of novel technologies in simulation training. Different models target different aspects of training. The aim of this review was to examine existing evidence about training simulators in rhinology, their incorporation into real training programmes and translation of these skills into the operating room. The first part focuses on the virtual and augmented reality simulators. The second part describes the role of physical (i.e. non-computer-based) models of endoscopic sinus surgery. Recent Findings Virtual reality simulators are still evolving and facing challenges due to their inherent cost and lack of realism in terms of the type of haptic feedback they provide. On the other hand, augmented reality seems to be a promising platform with a growing number of applications in preoperative planning, intraoperative navigation and education. Limitations in validity, registration error and level of evidence prevent the adoption of augmented reality on a wider scale or in clinical practice. Summary Simulation training is a maturing field that shows reasonable evidence for a number of models. The incorporation of these models into real training programmes requires further evaluation to ensure that training opportunities are being maximized.