An accurate model for a lead‐acid cell suitable for real‐time environments applying control volume method

The accurate simulation of battery cells is of growing interest in automotive industry especially in hybrid vehicle technology. Conventional lumped parameter models are not able to predict the battery voltage accurately. Thus models describing the physics of the battery cell are searched. In this paper a model consisting of six partial differential equations is proposed, which predicts the state of charge (SOC) and the battery voltage for given charge and discharge current densities.