The relationship of cold acclimation and extracellular ice formation to winter thermonasty in twoRhododendronspecies and their F1hybrid

Premise Thermonastic leaf movements in evergreen Rhododendron species have been used to study plant strategies for winter photoprotection. To add to the current fundamental understanding of this behavior, we addressed the following questions: (1) Is the cold-acclimated (CA) state necessary for thermonasty, and do cold-induced leaf movements also occur in non-acclimated (NA) plants? (2) Which of the two movements, leaf rolling versus curling, is more responsive to freezing, if any, in a non-thermonastic species? (3) What is the temporal relationship between extracellular freezing and thermonasty? (4) What genetic inferences can be drawn from leaf movement in an F1 hybrid relative to its parents? Methods A temperature-controlled, gradual cooling regime was used to quantify freeze-induced leaf movements. Infrared thermography was used to confirm extracellular ice-formation in leaves. Results Both NA and CA plants of thermonastic species exhibited thermonasty, but leaf rolling/curling increased significantly in CA plants. In the cold-acclimated condition, a non-thermonastic species showed almost no rolling during freezing, while the thermonastic species and F1 hybrid did, the latter exhibiting a response intermediate to the parents. Freezing-induced leaf curling in the non-thermonastic species and the F1 hybrid was equivalent and significantly less than the degree of curling in the thermonastic species. Conclusions Milder thermonasty in NA than CA leaves could be associated with differential anisotropy in the rolling forces and/or response of aquaporins to freezing. Leaf movements in the hybrid suggest that leaf rolling and curling are additive and dominant genetic traits, respectively. Infrared thermography confirms that ice formation in tissues precedes cold-induced thermonasty in R. catawbiense.