Ultrastructure deformation of flight muscles and bioenergetics changes in honey bee workers treated with pesticides

Beehives are exposed to the risk of pesticide contamination by honey bee workers who transport polluted pollens and nectar to the hive. This work illustrated the hazardous effects of two pesticides, avermectin (broklen pure) and chlorpyrifos (ictafos) on flight muscles of bee workers, Apis. mellifera. Muscle fibers of insects treated with ictafos appeared more susceptible than treated with broklen pure. They appeared irreversible damage, degeneration, and necrosis of the sarcostyles, sarcosomes, and nuclei after treated with ictafos. While broklen pure s induced some fragmentation of nucleus damage, cellular membranes, and sarcosomes. Additionally, ictafos induced more significant effects on bee workers bioenergetics than broklen pure. It induced not only a significant reduction in gross energy (GE), crude fiber (CF) but also a highly significant reduction in crude protein (CP). However, it induced a highly significant increase in nitrogen-free extracts (NFE) compared with the control. Finally, we recommend prohibiting the use of ictafos as a pesticide in agricultural products.