Effect of Gd doping on the structural, luminescence and magnetic properties of ZnS nanoparticles synthesized by the hydrothermal method

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of ZnS:Gd nanoparticles prepared by a hydrothermal process using different doping concentrations. The chemical, structural, luminescence and magnetic properties of these nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements. XRD confirmed that all the samples had a cubic structure with good crystallinity. HRTEM showed that the particles were polycrystalline with a mean size of 4–6 nm. XPS revealed the oxidation state of Gd in the ZnS lattice to be +3. The PL spectra of all the nanoparticles exhibited broad emission peaks in the visible region. All the Gd doped nanoparticles exhibited well-defined ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. The saturation magnetization increased significantly with increasing Gd concentration, reaching a maximum for 3 at.% Gd and decreasing for the 5 at.% Gd doped ZnS nanoparticles.