Dammarane-type triterpene ginsenoside-Rg18 inhibits human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cell proliferation via G1 phase arrest

A previous study reported that a novel dammarane-type triterpene saponin, ginsenoside-Rg18, derived from the root of Panax ginseng, displayed hydroxyl radical scavenging, anti-bacterial and cytotoxic activities. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its anti-proliferative effect on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells remains unclear. In the present study, it was determined that Rg18 inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 150 µM. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that cell cycle progression was blocked by Rg18 at G1 phase in A549 cells, which was accompanied by downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin E and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein expression at the protein level. In addition, the CDK inhibitors (CDKNs), CDKN1A and CDKN1B, were upregulated following Rg18 treatment. Furthermore, Rg18 treatment resulted in the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and a dose-dependent inhibition of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/p65 phosphorylation. Taken together, Rg18-mediated G1 phase arrest was closely associated with the generation of intracellular ROS, and p38, JNK and NF-κB/p65 inhibition in A549 human NSCLC cells.