Non-neuronal acetylcholine release and its contribution to COPD pathology

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is mainly characterized by airflow limitation and abnormal inflammatory responses. These characteristics can be mimicked by excessive acetylcholine (ACh), the transmitter of parasympathetic axons, and anticholinergic treatment improves airflow in COPD patients. Recently, several non-neuronal sources of ACh have been identified and their release mechanisms differ from that of neurons. This non-neuronal ACh is an important candidate to contribute to COPD pathology, particularly in those regions of the lung that are spared by nerves.