Endoribonuclease activity of XRN-2 is critical for RNA metabolism and survival of Caenorhabditis elegans

microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to regulate a vast majority of the eukaryotic genes by post-transcriptional means, and multiple nucleases play critical roles in the biogenesis and turnover of these regulators. A number of studies have indicated that turnover is important for determining the abundance of miRNAs, and thus, in turn govern their functionality. Recent research in Caenorhabditis elegans has revealed an ATP-independent endoribonuclease activity of the ‘miRNase’-XRN-2. Here, we report the characterization of this new enzymatic activity of the fundamentally important XRN-2, and show that it is critical for miRNA turnover and survival of quiescent dauer worms. The dual enzymatic activity of XRN-2 capacitates the mechanism of miRNA turnover to be dynamic, which might confer adaptive advantage to the organism. In continuously growing worms, this new enzymatic activity does not act on miRNAs, but it is important for the generation of mature ribosomal RNAs, which in turn is critical for translation, and thus indispensable for the survival of worms.