Effects of Tandem Pulse on Stone Comminution in an Electromagnetic Shock Wave Lithotripter

Despite recent innovations in lithotripter design and technology, the first generation Dornier HM-3 electrohydraulic lithotripter remains the most effective clinical, non-invasive modality for comminuting stones. Understanding the fundamental differences between the HM-3 and more clinically practicable lithotripters is critical to achieving meaningful improvements in future models. This study aims to further clarify the role of the second, weaker pulse of the HM-3 in stone comminution by introducing a similar pulse in the pressure profile of an electromagnetic lithotripter. Additionally, this study investigates the potential for this tandem shock technique to improve comminution in electromagnetic lithotripters through optimization of the interpulse delay time.