Identities, Islamophobia, and the State: Diverse Perspectives and Experiences of Muslim Civic Actors from Islamic Organizations in the UK

The earliest formation of a Muslim-centred organization in the UK can be dated to post-World War II migration, when the ‘settler’ communities of Muslims began to evolve (Nielsen, 2004). These migrants originated from areas such as South East Asia, Yemen, and Africa. Self-identification by these migrants as followers of Islam emerged as a result, and the need for religious places of worship arose. This led to these new citizens mobilizing to create spaces for devotional duties (Nielsen, 2004).