Discovering Image Manipulation History by Pairwise Relation and Forensics Tools

Given a potentially manipulated probe image, provenance analysis aims to find all images derived from the probe (offsprings) and all images from which the probe is derived (ancestors) in a large dataset (provenance filtering), and reconstruct the manipulation history with the retrieved images (provenance graph building). In this paper, we address two major challenges in provenance analysis, retrieving the source image of the small regions that are spliced into the probe image, and, detecting source images within the search results. For the former challenge, we propose to detect spliced regions by pairwise image comparison and only use local features extracted from the spliced region to perform an additional search. This removes the influence of the background and greatly improves the recall. For the latter, we propose to learn a pairwise ancestor-offspring detector and use it jointly with a holistic image manipulation detector to identify the source image. The proposed provenance analysis system has performed remarkably in evaluations using comprehensive provenance datasets. It's the winning solution for NIST Media Forensics Challenge (MFC) in 2018, 2019 and 2020. In MFC 2019, our provenance results achieved a 12% improvement in filtering and a 20% gain in oracle provenance graphs building over the alternative methods. In the real-world Reddit dataset, the edge overlap between our reconstructed provenance graphs and the ground-truth graphs is 5 times better than the state-of-the-art system.