Sustainable Groundwater Resources in Africa

I - Best practice guidelines 1 Water supply and sanitation issues in Africa *1.1 Contribution of water supply and sanitation to African development *1.2 Millennium development goals and water *1.3 Water supply and sanitation coverage *1.4 Challenges and strategies to achieve the MDGs for WSS *1.4.1 Rural water supply *1.4.2 Urban water supply *1.4.3 Sanitation *1.4.4 General *1.5 Various programmes to achieve goal *1.6 From water for domestic use to a livelihoods focus *1.7 Conclusions 2 Groundwater resources in Africa *2.1 Characteristics of groundwater resources *2.1.1 Major types of aquifers *2.1.2 Groundwater resources in Africa *2.1.3 Roles and functions *2.2 The sustainable groundwater utilization and management in Africa *2.2.1 Major groundwater-related issues and problems on the African continent *2.2.2 The data and information management relating to groundwater resources management *2.2.3 Implication of climate change *2.3 Outlook for the sustainable utilization of groundwater in Africa 3 Framework of best practices for groundwater supply and sanitation provision *3.1 Introduction *3.2 Integrated water resources management *3.3 Groundwater and IWRM *3.4 Integrated water, sanitation and hygiene delivery *3.5 Integrated service delivery in the urban environment *3.6 Integrated service delivery in the rural environment *3.7 A framework to facilitate groundwater management 4 Best practice for groundwater quality protection *4.1 General introduction *4.2 South African borehole guidelines *4.2.1 Introduction *4.2.2 Relevant literature *4.2.3 Contracts and agreements *4.2.4 Supervision of activities *4.2.5 Materials and equipment *4.2.6 Aanomalous circumstances *4.2.7 Straightness and verticality *4.2.8 Protecting the resources *4.2.9 Safety *4.2.10 Conclusions *4.3 Groundwater protection guidelines *4.3.1 Basic approaches *4.3.2 Concept of safe distance *4.3.3 Stepwise procedure from case studies *4.3.4 Zoning approach *4.3.5 Protection approach in fractured rock aquifers *4.3.6 Spring and shallow well protection *4.4 Drought proofing *4.4.1 Basic concepts *4.4.2 Types of drought *4.4.3 Livelihood approach *4.5 On-site sanitation and groundwater *4.6 Ecosan approach for effective groundwater resources management *4.6.1 Historical context of Ecosan *4.6.2 Main objective of Ecosan projects *4.6.3 The philosophy about Ecosan *4.6.4 Ecosan and groundwater quality *4.6.5 The challenge for Ecosan *4.7 Community participation best practice *4.8 Towards a comprehensive approach 5 Summary and recommendations *5.1 Summary *5.2 Recommendations II - Case studies 6 Groundwater dynamics in the East African Rift System *6.1 Introduction *6.2 Tectonic framework *6.3 Hydrology and climate *6.4 Hydrogeological framework *6.5 Hydrogeochemical feature *6.6 Implication on water supply and sanitation *6.7 Summary and recommendations 7 Aquifer vulnerability and its implication for community water supply of Porto-Novo region (South - East of Benin) *7.1 Introduction *7.2 Site description *7.3 Data requirements *7.3.1 DRASTIC and GOD methods *7.3.2 Evaluation of DRASTIC and GOD parameters *7.3.3 Validation of vunerability maps and determination of aquifer protection *7.4 Results and discussion *7.4.1 Vulnerability maps *7.4.2 Discussion *7.5 Conclusion 8 Vulnerability of dolomite aquifers in South Africa *8.1 Introduction *8.2 Geological description *8.3 Methodology *8.3.1 Overlying layers map (O-Map) *8.3.2 Concentration of flow map (C-Map) *8.3.3 Precipitation map (P-Map) *8.4 VUKA index map *8.5 Summary 9 A low tech approach to evaluating vulnerability to pollution of basement aquifers in sub-saharan aquifer *9.1 Introduction *9.2 The weathered basement aquifer *9.3 The groundwater vulnerability drivers *9.4 Simple field approach to vulnerability assessment *9.5 Scorecard validity *9.6 Conclusions 10 Preserving groundwater quality against microbiological contamination through differentiated aquifer management in Africa *10.1 Introduction *10.2 Microbiological transport within secondary aquifers *10.3 Extent of microbiological impacts on some africa aquifers *10.4 State of microbiological monitoring networks in Africa *10.5 Groundwater protection zoning *10.6 Way forward *10.7 Conclusion 11 Fluoride in African groundwater: Occurrence and mitigation *11.1 Introduction *11.2 Sources of fluoride in groundwater *11.3 Formation of fluoride-rich groundwater *11.4 Determination of fluoride *11.5 Fluoride occurrence in African groundwater *11.6 Removal of fluoride from drinking water supplies *11.7 Alternative mitigation *11.8 Implication for rural water supplies 12 Practical methods to reduce iron in groundwater with a case study *12.1 Introduction *12.2 Project area *12.3 Methodology *12.4 Iron removal *12.5 Results *12.6 Iron filter construction *12.7 Conclusion 13 Investigation of borehole failures - experience from Botswana *13.1 Introduction *13.2 Hydrogeology of the study area *13.3 Methodology and data uesd *13.3.1 Methodology *13.3.2 Data used *13.4 Results and discussion *13.4.1 Evidence of possible recent decline in groundwater yield *13.4.2 Correlation analysis *13.4.3 Reliability analysis of groundwater monitoring data *13.5 Summary, conclusion and recommendation 14 Cost-effective boreholes in sub-saharan Africa *14.1 Introduction *14.2 Assertions, information and evidence of high drilling prices *14.3 Conceptual framework *14.3.1 Borehole costs and quality *14.3.2 Borehole price *14.3.3 The core factors *14.3.4 Key elements *14.4 Analysis of the thirteen elements of cost-effective boreholes *14.4.1 Operation and maintenance procedures *14.4.2 Who drills water wells? *14.4.3 Borehole standards and designs *14.4.4 Drilling equipment - smaller and less costly rigs *14.4.5 Procurement process *14.4.6 Contract packaging *14.4.7 Contract packaging *14.4.8 Siting practices *14.4.9 Supervision *14.4.10 Pumping test *14.4.11 Groundwater resources monitoring and evaluation *14.4.12 Hydrogeological data *14.4.13 Regulation and professionalism of the private sector *14.5 Conclusions and recommendations 15 Water supply and sanitation in the democratic republic of the Congo *15.1 Introduction *15.2 Overview of the study area *15.2.1 Location and climate *15.2.2 Geology and tectonics *15.2.3 Soils and land use *15.2.4 Hydrography *15.3 Socio-demography *15.4 Water resources *15.4.1 Surface water resources *15.4.2 Groundwater resources *15.5 Water supply *15.5.1 Water supply sources and access to drinking water *15.6 Sanitation *15.6.1 Current situation in the DRC *15.6.2 Water and health issues *15.6.3 Financial requirements *15.7 Institutions and legislation *15.7.1 Laws and regulations *15.7.2 Institutions *15.8 Government policies and strategies to improve WatSan sector *15.9 Constraints to the WatSan developent In DRC *15.10 WatSan donors *15.11 Conclusion 16 Rural water supply and sanitation in Malawi: Groundwater context *16.1 Introduction *16.2 Study area charaterization *16.3 Methods *16.4 Results and discussions *16.4.1 Water sources and water point coverage *16.4.2 Functionality status of rural water points *16.4.3 Groundwater availability and its associated quality pattern *16.4.4 Water quality monitoring *16.4.5 Current sanitation service provision *16.4.6 Current initiatives within the rural water supply and sanitation sub-sector *16.5 Conclusions 17 Community-based groundwater quality monitoring: A field example *17.1 Introduction *17.2 Background *17.3 Methods *17.4 Results from the Initial Implementation *17.5 Analysis of the Initial Implementation *17.6 Brief comparison with another recent study on use of simple measures *17.7 Conclusions 18 Charitable endowments as an institute for sustainable groundwater development and management *18.1 Introduction *18.2 Practice in the Middle East *18.3 Socio economic issues *18.4 Technical issues *18.5 Conclusion Subject index Colour plate