Magnetic hysteresis of 0.6–110 μm magnetites across the Verwey transition

We report saturation magnetization, Ms, saturation remanence, Mrs, coercive force, Hc, and remanence coercivity, Hcr, as a function of grain size, d, and temperature, T, for 0.6–135 μm magnetites. Five annealed and four unannealed samples were measured at 5–10 K intervals from 300 to 20 K. Mrs and Hc increase by factors of 1.5–4 in cooling through the Verwey transition (TV ≈ 120 K) and by smaller amounts around 50 K. Hysteresis properties change continuously over ≈20 K below TV or for annealed 0.6, 3, and 6 μm grains, within ≈10 K below TV. Hc(d) changes for annealed magnetites from ∼d–0.5 at 300 K to ∼d–0.6–d–0.7 at 120–130 K to ∼d–0.3 at 80–100 K. Day plots of Mrs(T)/Ms(T) versus Hcr(T)/Hc(T) indicate major domain structure changes with T, e.g., 6 μm grains change from large pseudo-single-domain (PSD) at 300 K to multidomain (MD) just above TV and return to PSD below TV, evolving to higher Mrs and Hc down to 20 K. Hysteresis loops change from normal at 300 K to slightly constricted near TV to severely constricted below 50 K. We interpret these results in the light of electron microscopic observations by Kasama et al. (2010 , 2012) . Hardening of magnetic hysteresis below TV and the evolution from MD to PSD, and even to single-domain in the finest grains, results from subdivision of grains by monoclinic twinning, reduced magnetic domain sizes in monoclinic magnetite, and confinement of magnetic domains within twin domains. Constricted hysteresis loops indicate coexisting magnetically hard and soft phases, initially growing monoclinic regions and residual cubic magnetite.