New/old swine viruses - Porcine teschovirus and Sapelovirus

Svinjski teschovirus (STV) i sapelovirus (SSV) su maleni RNK virusi bez ovojnice koji su klasificirani u porodicu Picornaviridae, porodicu koja uključuje varijabilne i heterogene enteričke viruse uobičajeno prisutne u fecesu domaćih svinja. Infekcije STV-om i SSV-om su najčešće asimptomatske i rasprostranjene u populaciji domaćih svinja. Poznato je da inficiraju i divlje svinje iako je na njima napravljeno manje istraživanja. Povremeno STV infekcije rezultiraju kliničkom bolesti sa simptomima neuroloških poremećaja koji mogu biti snažni (Tješenska bolest) ili blagi (bolest Talfan). Termin SMEDI sindrom (engl. Stillbirth, Mummified fetus, Embryonic Death, Infertility) opisuje skup reproduktivnih poremećaja prouzročenih infekcijom STV-om te SSV-om. S obzirom da nema zabilježenih slučajeva prijenosa infekcije sa svinja na ljude, smatra se da STV i SSV nemaju zoonotski potencijal. Diferencijalna dijagnostika uključuje pseudorabies (bolest Aujeszkog), klasičnu i afričku svinjsku kugu, virus reprodukcijskog i respiratornog sindroma svinja. U ovom radu opisujemo spoznaje vezane za trenutnu proširenost STV i SSV u svijetu, etiologiju, patogenezu i kliničku sliku, dijagnostiku, liječenje i prevenciju te osvrt na situaciju u Republici Hrvatskoj.
Porcine Teschovirus (PTV) and Sapelovirus (PSV) are small, nonenveloped RNA viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family, comprising highly variable and heterogeneous enteric viruses, commonly found in faecal samples from domestic pigs. Infections by PTV and PSV are usually asymptomatic and widespread in domestic pigs. This also appears to be the case in wild boar, though fewer studies have been performed in these wild suids. Occasionally, swine PTV infection results in clinical disease, with the most characteristic outcome being neurological disorders, which can be severe (Teschen disease) or mild (Talfan disease). Reproductive disorders associated with PTV and PSV infection have been termed “SMEDI syndrome” (stillbirth [S], mummified fetus [M], embryonic death [ED], infertility [I]). Since there are no reports of pig to human transmission, it is considered that PTV and STV have no zoonotic potential. Differential diagnoses are required to exclude pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease), classical and African swine fever and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. This paper provides an overview of PTV and PSV regarding its history and worldwide geographical distribution etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation, diagnosis, therapy and prevention, with an overview of situation in Croatia.