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Cod liver oil supplement consumption and health: cross-sectional results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study
- Source :
- Nutrients, Vol 6, Iss 10, Pp 4320-4337 (2014)
- Publication Year :
- 2014
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2014.
-
Abstract
- Supplement users (SU) make healthy lifestyle choices; on the other hand, SU report more medical conditions. We hypothesised that cod liver oil (CLO) consumers are similar to non-supplement users, since CLO use might originate from historical motives, i.e., rickets prevention, and not health consciousness. CLO consumers were studied in order to identify possible confounders, such as confounding by indication. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) investigates causes of chronic disease. The participants were 25,639 men and women, aged 40–79 years, recruited from general practices in Norfolk, East-Anglia (UK). Participants completed questionnaires and a health examination between 1993 and 1998. Supplement use was measured using 7-day diet diaries. CLO was the most common supplement used, more prevalent among women and associated with not smoking, higher physical activity level and more favourable eating habits. SU had a higher occurrence of benign growths and bone-related diseases, but CLO was negatively associated with cardiovascular-related conditions. Although the results of SU characteristics in EPIC-Norfolk are comparable with studies worldwide, the CLO group is different from SU in general. Confounding by indication takes place and will need to be taken into account when analysing prospective associations of CLO use with fracture risk and cardiovascular diseases.
- Subjects :
- Male
socio-demographics
Smoking
Age Factors
Cod Liver Oil
health
lcsh:TX341-641
Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic
Feeding Behavior
Middle Aged
Motor Activity
Diet Surveys
confounding
Cohort Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Sex Factors
cardiovascular disease
dietary supplement
Surveys and Questionnaires
Dietary Supplements
Humans
Female
lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply
Life Style
Aged
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Nutrients, Vol 6, Iss 10, Pp 4320-4337 (2014)
- Accession number :
- edsair.dedup.wf.001..4d14c0423e8db87e9d4f4f0efbab1b33