Working memory training in older adults: Bayesian evidence supporting the absence of transfer

The question of whether working memory training leads to generalized improvements in\ud untrained cognitive abilities is a longstanding and heatedly debated one. Previous research\ud provides mostly ambiguous evidence regarding the presence or absence of transfer effects in\ud older adults. Thus, to draw decisive conclusions regarding the effectiveness of working\ud memory training interventions, methodologically sound studies with larger sample sizes are\ud needed. In this study, we investigated whether or not a computer-based working memory\ud training intervention induced near and far transfer in a large sample of 142 healthy older\ud adults (65-80 years). Therefore, we randomly assigned participants to either the experimental\ud group, which completed 25 sessions of adaptive, process-based working memory training, or\ud to the active, adaptive visual search control group. Bayesian linear mixed-effects models\ud were used to estimate performance improvements on the level of abilities, using multiple\ud indicator tasks for near (working memory) and far transfer (fluid intelligence, shifting, and\ud inhibition). Our data provided consistent evidence supporting the absence of near transfer to\ud untrained working memory tasks and the absence of far transfer effects to all of the assessed\ud abilities. Our results suggest that working memory training is not an effective way to\ud improve general cognitive functioning in old age.