3D QSAR Analyses of Novel Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Based on Pharmacophore Alignment

In an effort to develop a quantitative ligand-binding model for the receptor tyrosine kinases, a pharmacophore search was first used to identify structural features that are common in two novel sets of 12 molecules of the 3-substituted indolin-2-ones and 19 compounds of the benzylidene malononitriles with low-to-high affinity for HER2, a kind of receptor tyrosine kinase. The common pharmacophore model based on these 31 compounds was used as a template to obtain the aligned molecular aggregate, which provided a good starting point for 3D-QSAR analysis of only the 19 benzylidene malononitriles. Two molecular field analysis (MFA) techniques, including CoMFA and CoMSIA, were used to derive the quantitative structure−activity relationships of the studied molecules. From the studied results, it was obvious that the 3D-QSAR models based on the pharmacophore alignment were superior to those based on the simple atom-by-atom fits. Considering the flexibility of the studied molecules and the difference between the active conformers and the energy-lowest conformers, the pharmacophore model can usually provide the common features for the flexible regions. Moreover, the best CoMSIA model based on the pharmacophore hypothesis gave good statistical measure from partial least-squares analysis (PLS) (q2 0.71), which was slightly better than the CoMFA one. Our study demonstrated that pharmacophore modeling and CoMSIA research could be effectively combined. Results obtained from both methods helped with understanding the specific activity of some compounds and designing new specific HER2 inhibitors.