Optimizing Customized Bus Lines Considering Users' Transfer Willingness under Cooperative and Competitive Relationship between Metro and Online Car-hailing

•A MIMIC model is developed to measure travelers' perceived usefulness, subjective norms, attitudes, habits, and behavioral intentions towards customized buses.•An improved DBSCAN is utilized to generate carpooling stations.•A hybrid genetic-ant colony algorithm is designed to solve bi-level programming model for CB line optimization.•The study yields benefits for passengers, bus operators and urban sustainable development.