Lamination of >21% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with Independent Process Control of Transport Layers and Interfaces

Transport layer and interface optimization is critical for improving the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) but is restricted by the conventional fabrication approach of sequential layer deposition. While the bottom transport layer is processed with minimum constraints, the narrow thermal and chemical stability window of the halide perovskite (HP) layer severely restricts the choice of top transport layer and its processing conditions. To overcome these limitations, we demonstrate lamination of HPs─where two transport layer-perovskite half-stacks are independently processed and diffusion-bonded at the HP-HP interface─as an alternative fabrication strategy that enables self-encapsulated solar cells. Power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of >21% are realized using cells that incorporate a novel transport layer combination along with dual-interface passivation via self-assembled monolayers, both of which are uniquely enabled by the lamination approach. This is the highest reported PCE for any laminated PSC encapsulated between glass substrates. We further show that this approach expands the processing window beyond traditional fabrication processes and is adaptable for different transport layer compositions. The laminated PSCs retained >75% of their initial PCE after 1000 h of 1-sun illumination at 40 °C in air using an all-inorganic transport layer configuration without additional encapsulation. Furthermore, a laminated 1 cm2device maintained a Vocof 1.16 V. The scalable lamination strategy in this study enables the implementation of new transport layers and interfacial engineering approaches for improving performance and stability.