Metabolic responses in the gills of Yellowtail Lambari Astyanax lacustrisunder low‐ and high‐temperature thermal stress

Ectothermic fish are directly affected by temperature changes in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic responses in the gills of Yellowtail Lambari Astyanax lacustrisunder thermal stress. To this end, we used spectrophotometry to evaluate the biomarkers of carbohydrate and protein metabolism, antioxidant defense, and oxidative damage in fish subjected to low (15°C) and high (31°C) temperatures, with control groups held at 23°C, for 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. The results showed that cold thermal stress did not change the energy demand, and the antioxidant defense was reduced; therefore, the gills were vulnerable to the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS), presenting increased protein carbonylation at 12 h. With heat thermal stress, a higher energy demand was observed, which was verified by an increase in aerobic metabolism by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. High‐temperature stress also increased the antioxidant defenses, as verified by the increased activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S‐transferase. However, the antioxidant defense system could not protect tissues from the action of ROS, as protein carbonylation increased at 6 and 24 h, indicating oxidative stress. The results showed that (1) temperature variations caused metabolic adjustments in the gills of Yellowtail Lambari, (2) the adaptive responses were different for winter and summer temperatures, and (3) Yellowtail Lambari recovered homeostasis when subjected to thermal stress, even with the occurrence of oxidative stress. Impact statementThis study explores cellular stress responses in terms of metabolism, providing a comparison between low and high temperatures within an evolutionary and environmental context. These findings are crucial for fish farming and conservation efforts, revealing possible impacts of global climate change. This study explores cellular stress responses in terms of metabolism, providing a comparison between low and high temperatures within an evolutionary and environmental context. These findings are crucial for fish farming and conservation efforts, revealing possible impacts of global climate change.