Naturally derived flexible bioceramics: Biomass recycling approach and advanced function

Bioceramics, as one of the typical functional materials, find extensive use in the field of tissue regeneration due to their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. However, the high-temperature sintering process and the intrinsic brittleness of bioceramics significantly constrain their manufacturing processes, mechanical performance, and clinical applications. In this context, we have developed an innovative biomass recycling approach to fabricate flexible bioceramics using discarded natural sponge Euplectella aspergillum. By employing a simple, low-energy hydrothermal mineralization process, we transform low-cost natural sponge skeletons into high-value bioceramic scaffolds for tissue regeneration. The naturally derived bioceramic scaffolds exhibit excellent flexibility and machinability and high mechanical strength, far exceeding traditional sintered bioceramics. Furthermore, these scaffolds demonstrate excellent osteogenic and angiogenic capabilities, showcasing significant potential in the repair of flat bones, such as the calvarial and orbital bones. Our work represents a simple and efficient pathway toward the manufacturing of advanced functional bioceramics by repurposing underutilized natural resources.