Gender differences in psychosocial determinants of hand hygiene among physicians

AbstractObjective:We investigated gender differences in psychosocial determinants that affect hand hygiene (HH) performance among physicians.Design:The survey included a structured questionnaire with 7 parts: self-assessment of HH execution rate; knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding HH; internal and emotional motivation for better HH; barriers to HH; need for external reminders; preference for alcohol gel; and embarrassment due to supervision.Setting:The study was conducted across 4 academic referral hospitals in Korea.Participants:Physicians who worked at these hospitals were surveyed.Methods:The survey questionnaire was sent to 994 physicians of the hospitals in July 2018 via email or paper. Differences in psychosocial determinants of HH among physicians were analyzed by gender using an independent ttest or the Fisher exact test.Results:Of the 994 physicians, 201 (20.2%) responded to the survey. Among them, 129 (63.5%) were men. Male physicians identified 4 barriers as significant: time wasted on HH (P= .034); HH is not a habit (P= .004); often forgetting about HH situations (P= .002); and no disadvantage when I do not perform HH (P= .005). Female physicians identified pain and dryness of the hands as a significant obstacle (P= .010), and they had a higher tendency to feel uncomfortable when a fellow employee performed inadequate HH (P= .098). Among the respondents, 26.6% identified diversifying the types of hand sanitizers as their first choice for overcoming barriers to improving HH, followed by providing reminders (15.6%) and soap and paper towels in each hospital room (13.0%).Conclusion:A significant difference in the barriers to HH existed between male and female physicians. Promoting HH activities could help increase HH compliance.