In-situ synthesis of barium sulfate as inorganic expander of lead-acid cells

Barium sulfate was used as inorganic expander at negative plates of lead-acid battery (LAB) due to its similar lattice structure to lead sulfate. In this study, we proposed in-situ synthesis of BaSO4by using barium acetate solution on ball milled lead powder substrate as the expander of LAB, which has exhibited significant electrochemical performance. Under high-rate partial state-of-charge (HRPSoC) operation, the cell with 1 % in-situ synthesis of BaSO4showed ultra-long lifespan for 20,588 cycles, which was 13.9 times longer than the cell with 1 % BaSO4(1485). Even with 0.5 % in-situ synthesis BaSO4, the cell still exhibited promising HRPSoC performance (11916). In addition, the cells with in-situ synthesis BaSO4also have higher reversible capacity and initial discharge capacity. Finally, we explored the function of barium acetate solution in mixing paste and the mechanism of BaSO4as an expander under various current densities.