2D Nanozymes Modulate Gut Microbiota and T‐Cell Differentiation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management

Intestinal commensal microbiota dysbiosis and immune dysfunction are significant exacerbating factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To address these problems, Pluronic F‐127‐coated tungsten diselenide (WSe2@F127) nanozymes are developed by simple liquid‐phase exfoliation. The abundant valence transitions of elemental selenium (Se2−/Se4+) and tungsten (W4+/W6+) enable the obtained WSe2@F127 nanozymes to eliminate reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. In addition, the released tungsten ions are capable of inhibiting the proliferation of Escherichia coli. In a model of dextran sodium sulfate‐induced colitis, WSe2@F127 nanozymes modulate the gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of bacteria S24‐7 and significantly reducing the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, WSe2@F127 nanozymes inhibit T‐cell differentiation and improve intestinal immune barrier function in a model of Crohn's disease. The WSe2@F127 nanozymes effectively alleviate IBD by reducing oxidative stress damage, modulating intestinal microbial populations, and remodeling the immune barrier. Orally administered tungsten diselenide nanozymes easily reach the site of colonic inflammation. The tungsten diselenide nanozymes scavenge reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and the released tungsten ions further inhibit the proliferation of Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, the nanozymes inhibit T‐cell differentiation by regulating reactive oxygen species, thus alleviating inflammatory bowel disease.