Development strategies of integrated electronic control units in IoEVs for mobility energy efficiency: A comprehensive review

The integrated Electrical Control Unit (ECU) assumes a pivotal role in overseeing and coordinating various components within mobility systems, encompassing the Vehicle Control Unit (VCU), Electrical Power Steering (EPS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), and Body Control Unit (BCU). The integrated ECU enables efficient power allocation, effective regenerative energy capture, and optimal utilization of available energy resources through integrating and synchronizing these subsystems. This review study provides an in-depth analysis of the various aspects of integrated ECU in electric vehicles (EVs) and its sub-branches, including VCU, EPS, ESC, and BCU. The proposed research study offers a comprehensive overview of the development strategies of the integrated ECU, with a specific focus on mobility energy efficiency. Moreover, our research study presents the utilized elements by each control unit, highlighting their roles and significance in enabling efficient vehicle control and safety in future intelligent transportation systems. Additionally, our study examines the summary of integrated control unit developments, thoroughly evaluating the improvement in techniques and efficiency with the analysis results of performance measures of EVs. By summarizing these strategies and the analysis results, readers gain insights into the evolution and advancements made in the field. This facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the approaches used to enhance vehicle performance, stability, and control. Ultimately, this study aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers interested in comprehending the intricate workings of ECUs and their sub-branches in EVs.