Morphology Dependent Reactivity of CsOxNanostructures on Au(111): Binding and Hydrogenation of CO2to HCOOH

Cesium oxide (CsOx) nanostructures grown on Au(111) behave as active centers for the CO2binding and hydrogenation reactions. The morphology and reactivity of these CsOxsystems were investigated as a function of alkali coverage using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. STM results show that initially (0.05–0.10 ML) cesium oxide clusters (Cs2O2) grow at the elbow sites of the herringbone of Au(111), subsequently transforming into two-dimensional islands with increasing cesium coverage (>0.15 ML). XPS measurements reveal the presence of suboxidic (CsyO; y≥ 2) species for the island structures. The higher coverages of cesium oxide nanostructures contain a lower O/Cs ratio, resulting in a stronger binding of CO2. Moreover, the O atoms in the CsyO structure undergo a rearrangement upon the adsorption of CO2which is a reversible phenomenon. Under CO2hydrogenation conditions, the small Cs2O2clusters are hydroxylated, thereby preventing the adsorption of CO2. However, the hydroxylation of the higher coverages of CsyO did not prevent CO2adsorption, and adsorbed CO2transformed to HCOO species that eventually yield HCOOH. DFT calculations further confirm that the dissociated H2attacks the C in the adsorbate to produce formate, which is both thermodynamically and kinetically favored during the CO2reaction with hydroxylated CsyO. These results demonstrate that cesium oxide by itself is an excellent catalyst for CO2hydrogenation that could produce formate, an important intermediate for the generation of value-added species. The role of the alkali oxide nanostructures as active centers, not merely as promoters, may have broad implications, wherein the alkali oxides can be considered in the design of materials tuned for specific applications in heterogeneous catalysis.