Integrated Optimal Energy Management and Sizing of Hybrid Battery/Flywheel Energy Storage for Electric Vehicles

This article presents an integrated optimal energy management strategy (EMS) and sizing of a high-speed flywheel energy storage system (FESS) in a battery electric vehicle. The methodology aims at extending the battery cycle life and drive range by relegating fast dynamics of the power demand to the FESS. For the EMS, the battery power and FESS energy are considered as weighted objectives of an optimization problem that are established using Pontryagin's Minimum Principle. In order to derive the optimal FESS size, the sizing algorithm is targeted to minimize the battery degradation level and increase the FESS energy interaction with the system. The performance of the proposed methodology is assessed using some driving cycles including ECE-15, UDDC, HWFET, and US06. Comparing the proposed battery/FESS to the battery-only topology, the battery SoH and life cycle are improved considerably for different driving cycles.