Combining Atomic Layer Deposition with Surface Organometallic Chemistry to Enhance Atomic-Scale Interactions and Improve the Activity and Selectivity of Cu–Zn/SiO2Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of CO2to Methanol

The direct synthesis of methanol via the hydrogenation of CO2, if performed efficiently and selectively, is potentially a powerful technology for CO2mitigation. Here, we develop an active and selective Cu–Zn/SiO2catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2by introducing copper and zinc onto dehydroxylated silica via surface organometallic chemistry and atomic layer deposition, respectively. At 230 °C and 25 bar, the optimized catalyst shows an intrinsic methanol formation rate of 4.3 g h–1gCu–1and selectivity to methanol of 83%, with a space-time yield of 0.073 g h–1gcat–1at a contact time of 0.06 s g mL–1. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Cu and Zn K-edges and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that the CuZn alloy displays reactive metal support interactions; that is, it is stable under H2atmosphere and unstable under conditions of CO2hydrogenation, indicating that the dealloyed structure contains the sites promoting methanol synthesis. While solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies identify methoxy species as the main stable surface adsorbate, transient operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy indicates that μ-HCOO*(ZnOx) species that form on the Cu–Zn/SiO2catalyst are hydrogenated to methanol faster than the μ-HCOO*(Cu) species that are found in the Zn-free Cu/SiO2catalyst, supporting the role of Zn in providing a higher activity in the Cu–Zn system.