Optimizing the Spatial Density of Single Co Sites viaMolecular Spacing for Facilitating Sustainable Water Oxidation

Advances in single-atom (-site) catalysts (SACs) provide a new solution of atomic economy and accuracy for designing efficient electrocatalysts. In addition to a precise local coordination environment, controllable spatial active structure and tolerance under harsh operating conditions remain great challenges in the development of SACs. Here, we show a series of molecule-spaced SACs (msSACs) using different acid anhydrides to regulate the spatial density of discrete metal phthalocyanines with single Co sites, which significantly improve the effective active-site numbers and mass transfer, enabling one of the msSACs connected by pyromellitic dianhydride to exhibit an outstanding mass activity of (1.63 ± 0.01) × 105A·g–1and TOFbulkof 27.66 ± 1.59 s–1at 1.58 V (vsRHE) and long-term durability at an ultrahigh current density of 2.0 A·cm–2under industrial conditions for oxygen evolution reaction. This study demonstrates that the accessible spatial density of single atom sites can be another important parameter to enhance the overall performance of catalysts.