Coagulation factor VIIa enhances programmed death-ligand 1 expression and its stability in breast cancer cells to promote breast cancer immune evasion

Immunotherapy for breast cancer has not gained significant success. Coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa)-tissue factor (TF) mediated activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is shown to promote metastasis and secretion of the immune-modulatory cytokines but the role of FVIIa in cancer immunology is still not well understood.