Brasenia-inspired hydrogel with sustained and sequential release of BMP and WNT activators for improved bone regeneration

Although bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and WNT signaling play pivotal roles in bone development, homeostasis, and regeneration, the applications of proteins to stimulate corresponding signaling pathways showed limited outcomes in the repair and regeneration of bone defects that might be attributed to the reciprocal interventions of these pathways. In order to satisfy the combinational and sequential activation of BMP and WNT pathways, inspired by the heterogeneous hydrogel-liked structures of Brasenia, heterogeneous alginate/chitosan hydrogels were fabricated and spatially loaded with FK506 and BIO to achieve sustained and sequential release of the activators. Alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red staining and qRT-PCR results suggested that FK506 and BIO enhanced osteoblastic differentiation in vitrowhen used separately. Besides, by mixing and matching the activators and the hydrogel layers, a superior releasing mode that a combination of early FK506 release and following BIO release was identified viaboth in vitroand in vivoexplorations for most efficient bone regeneration. These results suggested that drug-loaded heterogeneous hydrogels possess great potentials in treating bone loss defects for future clinical practice.