A State-of-the-Art Review on Geothermal Energy Extraction, Utilization, and Improvement Strategies: Conventional, Hybridized, and Enhanced Geothermal Systems

•Demonstration of conventional and engineered energy extraction methods.•Extensive review of geothermal direct-heat and power plant utilization techniques.•Addressing different challenges such as induced seismicity and gaseous emissions.•Analyzing the potential of solar-geothermal integration in hybrid systems.•Reporting the environmental and social impact of employing Geothermal energy.