Gastric cancer detection by non‐blood‐based liquid biopsies: A systematic review looking into the last decade of research

Gastric cancer (GC) screening is arguable in most Western countries. Liquid biopsies are a great promise to answer the unmet need for less invasive diagnostic biomarkers in GC. Thus, we aimed at systematically reviewing the current knowledge on liquid biopsy‐based biomarkers in GC screening. A systematic search on PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases was performed on published articles reporting the use of non‐blood specimen (saliva, gastric juice [GJ], urine and stool) on GC diagnosis. 3208 records were retrieved by June 2022. After removal of duplicate records, 2379 abstracts were screened, and 84 full texts included in this systematic review. More than 90% of studies were reported on Asian populations. Overall, 9 studies explored stool‐, 12 saliva‐, and 29 urine‐derived biomarkers for GC detection. Additionally, 37 studies, representing the majority, analyzed GJ, focusing on nucleic acid molecules. Several miRNAs and lncRNA molecules have been associated with GC risk, particularly miR‐21(area under the curve [AUC] = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.94–1.00). Considering salivary biomarkers, the best described model in validation sets included the soybean agglutinin and Vicia villosa agglutinin lectins (AUC = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.80–0.99). Most studies in urine carried out metabolomic approaches, with two discriminatory models presenting AUC values superior to 0.97. This systematic review emphasizes the potential role of non‐blood‐based biomarkers, although further validation, particularly in Western countries, is mandatory, namely for non‐invasive screening and/or monitoring, as well as the use of GJ as a tool to enhance upper gastrointestinal endoscopy accuracy.