Reduction of SalmonellaEnteritidis Population Sizes on Almond Kernels with Infrared Heat

Catalytic infrared (IR) heating was investigated to determine its effect on Salmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis population sizes on raw almond kernels. Using a double-sided catalytic IR heating system, a radiation intensity of 5,458 W/m2caused a fast temperature increase at the kernel surface and minimal temperature differences between the top and bottom kernel surfaces. Exposure of dry kernels to IR heat for 30, 35 and 45 s resulted in maximum kernel surface temperatures of 90, 102, and 113°C, and when followed by immediate cooling at room temperature, yielded a 0.63-, 1.03-, and 1.51-log reduction in S. entericapopulation sizes, respectively. The most efficacious decontamination treatment consisted of IR exposure, followed by holding of the kernels at warm temperature for 60 min, which effected a greater than 7.5-log reduction in S. entericaon the kernels. During that treatment, the kernel surface temperature rose to 109°C and gradually decreased to 80°C. Similar IR and holding treatments with lower maximum kernel surface temperatures of 104 and 100°C yielded reductions of 5.3 and 4.2 log CFU/g kernel, respectively. During these treatments, moisture loss from the kernels was minimal and did not exceed 1.06%. Macroscopic observations suggested that kernel quality was not compromised by the IR-holding combination treatment, as skin morphology, meat texture, and kernel color were indistinguishable from those of untreated kernels. Our studies indicate that IR heating technology is an effective dry pasteurization for raw almonds.