In Situ Characterization of Lithium Ion Battery Materials, Electrodes, and Cells

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are commonly used in many portable and stationary applications because of their high energy and high power performance characteristics. The two most pressing challenges existing in battery technologies are battery cost and performance, manifesting themselves as barriers related to specific energy, energy density, service life, and charge efficiency at high rates. There are many ways to characterize the performance of the LIBs such as spectroscopic, microscopic, and scattering methods. In situ, non-invasive characterization techniques are considered a great challenge, yet a vital approach, to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms at play during LIB operation.