Detection of Lipid Radicals Using EPR

Cells oxidize molecules to generate energy and to make the materials to build and support the structures and functions needed for life. However, unwanted oxidations can damage these same structures and impair function. Lipids (the lipids in membranes and lipoproteins) are targets of unwanted oxidations. The primary mechanism of these oxidations is free radical-mediated chain reactions. Here we provide an overview of how electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) can be used to detect the free radicals formed during lipid peroxidation. Although direct detection of lipid-derived radicals has been accomplished, the approach is not feasible for detecting these radicals in cells. Spin trapping with α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone and 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-1-oxide has provided the most information on cellular lipid peroxidation. We present some considerations for successful detection of lipid radicals by EPR.