Quantitative Separation of Precipitation and Permafrost Waters Used for Evapotranspiration in a Boreal Forest: A Numerical Study Using Tracer Model

Arctic precipitation (PG) that occurs as rainfall (Prain) or snowfall (Psnow) depending on the prevailing climatic conditions results in seasonally specific hydrological events. Climate change can affect the PG‐ and permafrost‐originated water (Pice) regimes, resulting in change to ecohydrological processes. However, the relative influences of source waters (i.e., Prain, Psnow, and Pice) on terrestrial hydrological processes have not yet been fully established. Here, we report the development and implementation of a numerical water tracer model designed to quantify changes in the storages and fluxes of the source waters and the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic tracers associated with hydrometeorological events. The presented tracer model was used to illustrate the spatiotemporal variability of the tracers in the surface–subsurface system of a deciduous needleleaf boreal forest and to separate the contribution rates of the tracer waters to evapotranspiration (ET). Although Psnowaccounted for 22%–57% of ETand the subcomponents, the contribution rates to soil evaporation and transpiration were significant only during spring. The major source water for soil moisture was Prain, which accounted for 69.2% of ETand showed an increasing trend during 1980–2016. Additionally, Prainalso accounted for 77.2% of transpiration. Under the present conditions of warming permafrost, Picedemonstrated negligibly low impact on ET. The tracer model was shown capable of quantifying the contribution rates of tracer waters to ET, highlighting the advantages of the tracer model for a similar quantitative separation regarding future climate change. Although snowfall and rainfall are seasonally different processes, their influence on hydrological processes (i.e., evapotranspiration and river discharge) occurs mainly during the growing season. Quantification of their contributions to hydrological processes is an ongoing scientific problem in the field of Arctic hydrology. Thus, we developed a tracer model, which includes isotopic processes, to separate the contributions of snowfall, rainfall, and permafrost‐originated water to evapotranspiration and applied it to a boreal forest. The model simulation suggested that summer rainfall has the greatest impact on evapotranspiration, while water from snowfall is strongly implicated in springtime evaporation. Permafrost‐originated water is not connected directly to evapotranspiration at the study site. However, future warming climate could potentially increase the role of permafrost‐related water in ecohydrological processes. Thus, the presented water tracer model could potentially provide a quantitative assessment of the changes in the physics of water dynamics caused by climate change. Tracer model separates contributions of precipitation‐ and permafrost‐originated waters to evapotranspiration in deciduous boreal forestRainfall is the primary contributor to seasonal and interannual variability of evapotranspirationPermafrost‐originated water has negligibly low impact on evapotranspiration Tracer model separates contributions of precipitation‐ and permafrost‐originated waters to evapotranspiration in deciduous boreal forest Rainfall is the primary contributor to seasonal and interannual variability of evapotranspiration Permafrost‐originated water has negligibly low impact on evapotranspiration