Recent developments in the application of carbon-based nanomaterials in implantable and wearable enzyme-biofuel cells

The implanted electronic devices require a stable, continuous, and long-lasting energy source to function correctly. These devices are powered by alkaline batteries and lithium ions. When used in implantable or wearable devices, these batteries can pose a threat to human health and the environment. Because of these factors, implantable and wearable devices using enzyme biofuel cells (EBFCs) are receiving a lot of attention. These EBFCs use human physiological fluid to provide long-term control for these devices. Carbon nanomaterials have successfully been demonstrated in enzymatic biofuel cells to improve applications by increasing current and power density; they have the potential to enhance EBFC efficiency. This review summarizes the fundamental process of EBFC compounds based on carbon nanomaterials before delving into the most recent advancements that have been tested and used as implantable and wearable self-power sources.