Lithium Battery Model Development and Application in Simulation of the Energy Consumption of Electric Bus Running⁎⁎Research in this paper is based on the project “PLATON-Planning Process and Tool for Step-by-Step Conversion of the Conventional or Mixed Bus Fleet to a 100% Electric Bus Fleet”, which is funded by German Federal Ministry of Transport & Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) under grant number 03EMEN17 and co-funded by the European Commission under the framework of “Electric Mobility Europe”

Battery electric buses take an increasingly larger market share and attract much attention from bus fleet operators to undercut urban emissions limits. But meanwhile it also becomes a challenge to operators to determine the required battery capacity to be sufficient for the specific transport operations. The deployment planning includes to select appropriate bus model specifications, battery characteristics, charging parameters, timetable schedules and further dependencies under the aspect of ownership costs. Regarding battery characteristics however, most electrochemical battery models focus more on the internal structure, which have a worse compatibility on a system level. This paper aims to build up a lithium-battery model based on the third-Thevenin equivalent circuit, considering both complexity and accuracy. Firstly, this battery model is implemented with lookup tables to represent the values of each circuit component, which results in a mean error of 1.98 mV or 0.06%, compared with the original measurement data. Then a general control model of electric vehicles is introduced to cooperate with this battery model in a system, combined by the current flowing between these two models. Finally a simulation is proceeded, employing the real data from Solaris® Urbino 12 Electric Bus, which provides a reliable SOC estimation for the full day operation.