NO serves as a signaling intermediate downstream of H2O2to modulate dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton during responses to VD-toxins in Arabidopsis

Although hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) can act as an upstream signaling molecule to modulate the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton during the defense responses to Verticillium dahliae(VD) toxins in Arabidopsis, it is not known the relationship between these two signaling molecules. Here, we show that VD-toxin-induced NO accumulation was dependent on prior H2O2production, NO is downstream of H2O2in the signaling process, and that H2O2acted synergistically with NO to modulate the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton responses to VD-toxins in Arabidopsis.