The Southern Oscillation. Part VII: Meteorological Anomalies over the Indian and Pacific Sectors Associated with the Extremes of the Oscillation

AbstractComposite surface pressure, temperature, and precipitation anomalies are mapped over the Indian and Pacific sectors during the various stages of Warm and Cold Events in the Southern Oscillation. In the year before the development of positive sea surface temperature anomalies in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific (Year–1 of a Warm Event), a strong South Pacific High is associated with below normal surface pressure over Australia and the Indian Ocean. This occurs concurrently with a poleward displacement of the Pacific convergence zones, with above normal air temperature and precipitation over the subtropical Pacific, and opposite conditions along the equator. By the next year (Year 0) of the Warm Event, thew anomalies have the opposite sign. The sequence of anomalies during a Cold Event is inverse to that during a Warm Event but otherwise the anomaly patterns are remarkably similar.It appears that enhanced convection and low surface pressure within the Pacific convergence zones contribute to the observed westerly wind anomalies in the western equatorial Pacific at the end of Year–1, which are in turn tied to the onset of above normal equatorial SST in the following year. The observed reversal in atmospheric anomalies over the Indian and Pacific oceans daring Warm Events is an extreme manifestation of a general biennial tendency in these anomalies, with Cold Events occupying the opposite extreme.