Infection in Orthopedics: Microbiology, Clinical Findings, Diagnostic Strategies, and ManagementCutibacterium acnesInfection in Orthopedics: Microbiology, Clinical Findings, Diagnostic Strategies, and Management

(formerly called Cutibacterium(formerly called Propionibacterium) acnesis a human skin flora often implicated in orthopedic infections. The unique characteristics of this microorganism make the diagnosis of infection difficult. The diagnosis often is made based on clinical evidence, radiographic signs, and laboratory and/or surgical findings combined. Treatment often involves both pharmacologic and surgical methods. In addition, formation of biofilms and increased resistance to drugs exhibited by the microorganism can require combined antimicrobial therapy. Prophylactic measures are particularly important, but no single method has been shown to fully eliminate the risk of C acnesinfections. Previous reports have focused on C acnesinfections involving surgical implants or after certain orthopedic procedures, particularly in the shoulder and spine. This article reviews current clinical, diagnostic, and treatment principles for C acnesin orthopedics in general. [Orthopedics. 2020; 43(1):52–61.]