Design Approaches for Generating Organ Constructs

Organ constructs are organ-like structures grown in vitroor in vivothat harbor the components, architecture, and function of in vivoorgans, in part or in toto. The convergence of stem cell biology, bioengineering, and gene editing tools have substantially broadened our ability to generate various types of organ constructs for regenerative medicine as well as to address pressing biomedical questions. In this Review, we highlight prevailing approaches for generating organ constructs, from organoids to chimeric organ engineering. We also discuss design principles of different approaches, their utility and limitations, and propose strategies to resolve existing hurdles.