Special feature Current state of laryngeal transplantation

Human laryngeal transplantation has been contemplated by otolaryngologists for at least 35 years. The authors recently reported their success with the first total human laryngeal transplant, which included the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the pharynx, and five rings of trachea. The lessons gleaned from this experience regarding reinnervation, immunosuppression, swallowing, vocal function, and impact on quality of life have been invaluable. The authors review their human experience and the recent advances in animal research in both immunosuppressive regimens and reinnervation techniques.