Evolutionarily conserved partial gene duplication in the Triticeae tribe of grasses confers pathogen resistance

The large and highly repetitive genomes of the cultivated species Hordeum vulgare(barley), Triticum aestivum(wheat), and Secale cereale(rye) belonging to the Triticeae tribe of grasses appear to be particularly rich in gene-like sequences including partial duplicates. Most of them have been classified as putative pseudogenes. In this study we employ transient and stable gene silencing- and over-expression systems in barley to study the function of HvARM1(for H. vulgareArmadillo 1), a partial gene duplicate of the U-box/armadillo-repeat E3 ligase HvPUB15(for H. vulgarePlant U-Box 15). The partial ARM1gene is derived from a gene-duplication event in a common ancestor of the Triticeae and contributes to quantitative host as well as nonhost resistance to the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. In barley, allelic variants of HvARM1but not of HvPUB15are significantly associated with levels of powdery mildew infection. Both HvPUB15 and HvARM1 proteins interact in yeast and plant cells with the susceptibility-related, plastid-localized barley homologs of THF1 (for Thylakoid formation 1) and of ClpS1 (for Clp-protease adaptor S1) of Arabidopsis thaliana. A genome-wide scan for partial gene duplicates reveals further events in barley resulting in stress-regulated, potentially neo-functionalized, genes. The results suggest neo-functionalization of the partial gene copy HvARM1increases resistance against powdery mildew infection. It further links plastid function with susceptibility to biotrophic pathogen attack. These findings shed new light on a novel mechanism to employ partial duplication of protein-protein interaction domains to facilitate the expansion of immune signaling networks.