Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Bone and Mineral Metabolism

Thyroid hormones exert major influences on bone and mineral metabolism. Hyperthyroidism induces an accelerated bone loss and may thereby increase the risk of low-energy fractures. Hypothyroidism has the opposite effect. This review describes the effect of thyroid hormones on bone and mineral metabolism at the cellular, tissue, and organ level. Clinical aspects of disturbed thyroid function on bone metabolism also are discussed.